Ultrasound findings for adults and children with MS and HCs
| Group | Venous Hemodynamic Insufficiency Criteria | CCSVI | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Reflux in neck vessels | Reflux in deep cerebral veins | IJV stenosis, noncompliance and B-mode anomalies | Absence of Doppler flow | Negative IJV CSA | Minimum of 2 criteria | |
| IJV supine | ICV | CSA < 0.3 cm2 | IJV | |||
| IJV 900 | Basal vein of Rosenthal | VV | ||||
| VV supine | ||||||
| VV 900 | ||||||
| PedMS (n = 26) | 3 (11.5%) | 0 | 7 (26.9%) | 0 | 1 (3.8%) | 2 (7.7%) |
| APOMS (n = 13) | 2 (15.4%) | 0 | 2 (15.4%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (7.7%) |
| HCs (n = 26) | 1 (3.8%) | 0 | 5 (19.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Note:—VV indicates vertebral vein; CSA, cross-sectional area; ICV, internal cerebral vein.