The American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) publishes articles pertaining to the clinical imaging, therapy, and basic science of the central and peripheral nervous system, including but not limited to the brain, spine, head and neck, interventional procedures, techniques in neuroimaging and neurointervention, and related educational, socioeconomic, and medicolegal issues. The AJNR encourages and will give particular attention to investigations that are prospective in nature and in which specific hypotheses are proposed. The content of the AJNR is determined by the Editors and the Editorial Board.

Types of articles the AJNR will consider for publication include Original Research, Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analysis Reviews, Review Articles, Clinical Reports, Radiology-Pathology Correlations, Point/Counterpoint Articles, Brief/Technical Reports, Letters to the Editor, and State of Practice/White Papers. Other items such as Book Reviews are solicited and approved by the Editors as well.

Submitted manuscripts must not contain previously published material or material under consideration for publication elsewhere unless specific permission is obtained. Accepted manuscripts become the property of the AJNR and may not be republished without its consent.

AJNR asks authors to disclose where and when earlier version(s) of a submitted manuscript were presented and to provide access to those version(s). If a substantial portion of the submitted work has been published previously in print or on the Web, the authors should include a detailed description of how the present work differs from the prior version.

Manuscripts will undergo peer review, and an AJNR Editor will then make a decision relative to publication. The AJNR uses an electronic submission and review process to promote expeditious peer review. Manuscripts should be submitted electronically via the following Web site: Manuscript Central.

Note that all authors will receive a link to complete disclosure forms after submission if the manuscript is positively reviewed and further considered for publication. These will need to be filled out before the article is accepted for publication.

Questions about manuscripts under consideration may be addressed to:

American Journal of Neuroradiology
820 Jorie Boulevard, Suite 300
Oak Brook, IL 60523-8205
ph (630) 574-0220, ext. 240
em lwilhelm@asnr.org

General Author Instructions

Electronic Format Requirements

Important If possible, please submit all files in production-ready formats. We cannot publish your manuscript without receiving correctly formatted files.

Document Files

Manuscript Organization	When organizing your manuscript, please refer to the desired category of submission for guidelines.
Blinding	Preserve anonymity by ensuring that the authors' names appear only on the title page (which should be a separate electronic file) and by eliminating mention of institutions, affiliations, and previous work by the authors (stated as such within the manuscript file).
Margins & Spacing	All text should be double-spaced with sufficient margins, and all pages should be numbered. Do not justify the margins.
Font Size	Font size should be at least 12 point.
File Format	Submit an electronic version of the manuscript as a Microsoft Word (DOC, DOCX) or RTF file. Please note that abstracts should be included in your main document in addition to being posted in the space provided in your Corresponding Author Center.
Revisions	For revisions, please include a cover letter detailing all changes that were made to the manuscript. You will be prompted for this letter by Manuscript Central upon submitting your revision. IMPORTANT NOTE: When you submit your revision, you are required to provide two distinct versions of your document. The first, labeled "Revised Manuscript," should have all changes visibly marked in yellow. The second should be a clean version, free of any highlighting, and must be named "Clean Manuscript" Please ensure that the documents are correctly named upon submission to aid in the review process.

Multimedia Files

Any multimedia files to be published in the online journal should be uploaded to Manuscript Central in QuickTime (MOV). Please do not send DivX Video (AVI), MPEG, or Windows Media Clip (WMV) files.

Title Page, Abbreviations, and Terminology

Title Page

The title page should be prepared as a separate document. The following information should appear: title of article; first name, middle initial, and last name of author(s); affiliations, grant support, and presentation in part or whole at any meeting. Authors should avoid qualifying their research as a preliminary study in the title of the paper. Identify the corresponding author and provide full mailing address, phone number, email address, and Twitter handle, if desired. Authors are urged to indicate exactly how they want their names to appear. Only one corresponding author per paper is permitted. More than one senior author can be acknowledged in the paper footnotes.

Abbreviations

Authors are encouraged to limit the amount of abbreviations whenever possible to enhance the reader's experience. The following list of commonly abbreviated words do not require expansion in the text or mention in the abbreviation key: ADC, AICA, ANCOVA, ANOVA, ASPECTS, AVF, AVM, BBB, CADASIL, CBF, CBV, Cho, CI (confidence interval), CISS, CNS, Cr, CSF, CT, CTA, CTP, CTV, DICOM, DSA, DSC, DTI, DWI, EPI, FDA, FDG, FIESTA, FISP, FLAIR, FLASH, fMRI, FOV, FSE, Gd-DTPA, Glx, GM, HAART, HASTE, 1H-MRS, H&E, HIV, ICA, IV, MANCOVA, MCA, MDCTA, mIns (myo-inositol), MIP, MPR, MPRAGE, MR, MRA, MRI, mRS (modified Rankin Scale), MRS, MRV, MS, MTT, NAA, NASCET, n-BCA, NCCT, NEX, NIHSS, NPO, OR (odds ratio), PACS, PET, PICA, PROPELLER, PWI, ROI, rtPA, SAH, SNR, SPECT, STEAM, STIR, SWI, T1WI, T2WI, TE, TI, TIA, TICI (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction), TOF, tPA, TR, TREAT, TSE, TTP, VOI, WM, Xe-CT  A total of 10 other abbreviations may be used within the text, legends, and tables. These should be listed in the abbreviation key and also spelled out at first mention in the text. NO abbreviations other than those on the standard list are permitted in the abstract. All abbreviations should be commonly found in the neuroimaging literature and authors should not create abbreviations or acronyms specifically for their manuscript. All abbreviated terms must be used at least 10 times within a manuscript. Abbreviations should be listed in the abbreviation key along with their definitions, as illustrated in the following example: VBM = voxel-based morphometry; BOLD = blood oxygen level–dependent, etc. These will appear on the first page of the printed article.

Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning/Deep Learning Policy

We recommend that authors of articles involving artificial intelligence/machine learning/deep learning refer to these guidelines from Radiology: Artificial Intelligence and also report the level of evidence of the study presented in their article:

Levels of Evidence	Element	Types of Evidence
Level 1	Clinical efficacy	One prospective or randomized clinical trial or meta-analysis
Level 2	Bias and error mitigation	At least 2 independent retrospective studies separate from original institution
Level 3	Reproducibility and generalizability	At least 2 retrospective studies with at least 1 from an institution independent of the original institution
Level 4	Technical efficacy	Two retrospective studies from the same institution
Level 5A	Data quality and AI model development with external testing	One retrospective study with internal and external data used for final performance reporting
Level 5B	Data quality and AI model development with internal testing	One retrospective study with only internal data used for final performance reporting
Level 6	Interoperability and integration into the IT infrastructure	AI company can provide a plan including interoperability standards for integration into the existing radiology and hospital digital information systems
Level 7	Legal and regulatory frameworks	AI-enabled tool is compliant with current patient data protection, security, privacy, HIPAA, and government regulations

From N. Pham, V. Hill, A. Rauschecker, et al. Critical Appraisal of Artificial Intelligence–Enabled Imaging Tools Using the Levels of Evidence System. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol April 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7850

We recommend that all computer code used for modeling and/or data analysis be deposited in a publicly accessible repository no later than the time of acceptance. The final manuscript should contain a link to the Website where the code can be accessed.

Large Language Models (LLMs)

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, do not satisfy authorship criteria, and cannot be listed as an author of a manuscript, commentary, or letter. Attribution of authorship implies accountability for the work, which cannot be applied to LLMs. Use of an LLM must be documented in the Methods section or as an acknowledgment at the end of the manuscript. This information must include a description of the content that was created or edited, the name of the language model or tool, version number, and manufacturer/developer.The manuscript authors accept full responsibility for the text’s factual and citation accuracy; mathematical, logical, and commonsense reasoning; and originality.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments have to be in a separate section but it does not have to be a freestanding page. Obtaining permission to include a name in this section from the acknowledged individual is advised.

Figure and Legend Requirements

Organization	Each image should be a separate file with the figure number indicated in the filename. Please do NOT insert the figures into the manuscript. Images should be uniform in size and magnification and should not be redundant. Excessive illustrative material should be avoided. Label all pertinent findings.
Legends	The figure legends should be inserted after the tables in the main document, and all legends should be collectively presented on a single page. Legends should be in the present tense (eg, "T1-weighted MR image shows..."). Legends must be double-spaced and figures numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text.
Resolution	Images should be a minimum size of 4 inches wide at the stated resolution. Line art (black-and-white): 1200 dpi/ppi Halftones: 300 dpi/ppi Combination halftones: 600 dpi/ppi All arrays containing both halftones (black and white scans) and 2- or 4-color images must be submitted with each image in a separate file. Saving the array as a color image may introduce a color cast over the halftones that is difficult to detect and correct at the proof stage.
Cropping	Please view our image cropping guide for requirements and examples.
Sagittal & Lateral	Sagittal projections or lateral images are to be submitted with the patient facing the reader's left.
Line Drawings	Line drawings should be professional in quality, done in black on a white background.
File Format	Submit all figures in JPG, TIF, or EPS format.
Blinding	Do not include authors' names in the filename or in the image file itself. Illustrations should not have marks, circles, or numbers in the area around the image and should be free of all identifying information relative to the patient* and institution. Written permission from any person recognizable in a photo is required.
Electronic Modification or Manipulation of Image Files	The following global changes to improve the quality of illustrations or remove identifying information are acceptable: changing image size and resolution as detailed above globally adjusting contrast and brightness (as long as no parts of an image are completely masked by them) blocking or erasing patient/institutional/manufacturer identifiers minimally "cleaning" unwanted noise in the background aligning an image that is tilted cropping unnecessary surrounding black space All cloning, whether done to delete or enhance a part or parts of an image is viewed as suspicious. No specific feature within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced. Should such alterations be suspected, the images will be sent to our printer for digital analysis. We may then contact the corresponding author and ask for the original unaltered image files. Any manipulation of an image must be explained in the accompanying legend.
Supplemental Material	You need to submit a separate pdf for the online supplemental material. The American Journal of Neuroradiology no longer copyedits, typesets, or proofreads online supplemental material. If you have an appendix, tables, or figures to accompany your article, please combine these materials in one PDF file. Please note that all contents of this PDF file will be referred to as "Online Supplemental Data" within the article rather than individual elements (e.g, Online Figure 1 or Online Table 2). The authors are solely responsible for the quality and accuracy of the contents of the supplemental PDF file.
Reproduced Figures	Written permission for use of all previously published illustrations must be included with submission and the original source referenced in the legends.

Tables

Organization	Please insert tables into the main document following the references section, ensuring each table occupies its own page.
Data	Tables should not exactly duplicate data given in the text or figures.
Layout	Each table should be double-spaced and begin on a separate page without vertical or horizontal rules. Font size within the tables should not be reduced.
Labels & Abbreviations	Give each table a short, descriptive title, and define abbreviations as footnotes at the bottom of each one. Number tables according to the order in which they are cited in the text. The "Results" section should refer the reader to the appropriate table.
Format	Prepare tables with word processing (e.g., Microsoft Word Table feature) or spreadsheet (e.g., Microsoft Excel) software. Graphic files are not acceptable for tables.
Supplemental Material	All tables that would be set broadside will be removed automatically from the print edition and be placed online as supplemental material. The use of online tables and figures is encouraged so that articles are as concise and focused as possible. Tables containing raw data should be submitted as supplemental online content. You need to submit a separate pdf for the online supplemental material. The American Journal of Neuroradiology no longer copyedits, typesets, or proofreads online supplemental material. If you have an appendix, tables, or figures to accompany your article, please combine these materials in one PDF file. Please note that all contents of this PDF file will be referred to as "Online Supplemental Data" within the article rather than individual elements (e.g, Online Figure 1 or Online Table 2). The authors are solely responsible for the quality and accuracy of the contents of the supplemental PDF file.

References

Author Lists	All authors are listed when there are three or fewer; when four or more, the first three are listed with 'et al.'
Journal Names	Journal names are abbreviated per Index Medicus.
Citation Protocol	Citation should be to the original source. When citing a long list of references, e.g., 1-20, authors should attempt to order these references by date of publication or group topics together.
Citing Non-Standard Sources	Data such as abstracts from meetings should be cited in the reference list. For meeting abstracts, cite the authors, title, society meeting, date, and location. Citations of personal communications should appear in the "Discussion" section only and should not be used to support the authors' conclusions. Papers submitted but not yet accepted for publication should also be cited in the text (D.J. Smith, unpublished data, 1988).
Punctuation	Punctuation of references follow the format illustrated in the following examples:   Journal Article Callen AL, Chow DS, Chen YA, et al. Predictive value of noncontrast head CT with negative findings in the emergency department setting. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020;41:213-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6408 Journal Article Published Ahead of Print Lanzino G, Crobeddu E, Cloft HJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of flow diversion for paraclinoid aneurysms: a matched pair analysis compared with standard endovascular approaches. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012 Jul 12. [Epub ahead of print] Journal Article with Only DOI Available [Do Not Use this Format If Publication Has Volume, Issue, and Page Range] Friedman ER, Tandon N. Beyond mesial temporal sclerosis: optimizing MRI evaluation in focal epilepsy. Neurographics http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ng.2130053 Book Grossman RI, Yousem DM. Neuroradiology: The Requisites. Mosby; 1994:114-16 Chapter in an Edited Book Hudgins PA, Jacobs IN, Castillo M. MR of the neck. In: Som PM, Curtin HD, eds. Head and Neck Imaging 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1996:545-611 Paper Presented at a Meeting Molyneaux AJ, Fox A, Sneade M, et al. Cerecyte coil trial: angiographic and clinical outcomes of endovascular coiling in patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with Cerecyte coils compared with bare platinum coils—finals results of a prospective randomized trial. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Neuroradiology 50th Annual Meeting & the Foundation of the ASNR Symposium, New York, New York. April 21–26, 2012 Website The human brain: renew—exercise. http://www.fi.edu/learn/brain/exercise.html Accessed May 30, 2012
Format	This section should be double-spaced, with references numbered consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text. All references must be cited in the text in superscript.

Author Proofs

Authors will receive PDF proofs in approximately 6-10 weeks following acceptance and final submission of all materials. Please note when reviewing these that excessive alterations to proofs will result in a charge of $500. This includes all changes to author names (e.g., the addition of middle initials) received after an article has been published ahead of print. It is essential that all authors verify the treatment of their name on the manuscript title page before submission.

Manuscript Sub-Types

• ED NEURO: Emergency Neuroradiology
• NEUROVASC: Neurovascular/Stroke Imaging
• NEURODEGEN: Neurodegenerative Disorder Imaging
• EPILEPSY/MS/7T: Ultra-High-Field MRI/Imaging of Epilepsy/Demyelinating Diseases/Inflammation/Infection
• BRAIN TUMOR: Brain Tumor Imaging
• NEUROPSYCH: Neuropsychiatric Imaging
• PEDS: Pediatric Neuroimaging
• HEAD&NECK: Head and Neck Imaging
• SPINE: Spine Imaging and Spine Image-Guided Interventions
• NEUROIR: Neurointervention
• PHYSICS: Neuroimaging Physics/Functional Neuroimaging/CT and MRI Technology
• NUC MED: Molecular Neuroimaging/Nuclear Medicine
• HEALTH POLICY: Health Policies/Quality Improvement/Evidence-Based Neuroimaging
• AI: Artificial Intelligence

Categories of Submission

The word count should encompass the entire article, starting from the Introduction through to the Acknowledgments, including References and Tables, but excluding the Abstract and Figure Legends. Please calculate your word count by highlighting the text from the Introduction to the end of the tables.

	Abstract	Maximum Word Count	Maximum References	Maximum Tables	Maximum Total Figures (Parts) See Example Below*	Download  Accepted Manuscript Templates
Original Research	350	4000**	50	5	7 (15)	Accepted Manuscript Template
Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses	350	4000**	100	5	7 (15)	Accepted Manuscript Template
Review Articles	200	5000**	100	5	15 (30)	Accepted Manuscript Template download
Clinical Reports	250	3500**	30	2	7 (15)	Accepted Manuscript Template
Radiology-Pathology Correlations	250	3500**	30	2	7 (15)	Accepted Manuscript Template
Point/Counterpoint Articles (for each side)	150	2000	15	1	4 (8)	Accepted Manuscript Template
Brief/Technical Reports	150	2000	15	1	4 (8)	Accepted Manuscript Template
State of Practice	300	3000**	75	5	15 (30)	Accepted Manuscript Template
Video Article	150		20	0		Video Template
Letters to the Editor (and Response)		500	4	2	2 (5)
Book Reviews		500	4	1	1 (2)

*The maximum total figures is 7, with a total number of 15 parts for all the figures

**Authors who wish to exceed this limit will be charged $750, with a maximum acceptable word count of 1000 words above the set limit for the type of article. If you would like to accept this fee, please include a note in your cover letter stating your acceptance in order to avoid having your manuscript unsubmitted for exceeding the word count limitations.

Manuscript Templates and Accepted Publications

If your manuscript is accepted, we will ask you to use our templates available in the table above (one Accepted Manuscript template available for each type of manuscript). Using the revision templates will accelerate the availability of your manuscript on the AJNR website and its indexing in PubMed and allow for faster dissemination of your results. If you use the template, please incorporate your supplemental material in the template. Also, if you use the template, you should incorporate your figures in the template, in addition to having uploaded them as separate, high-resolution files during the revision phase, as per the instructions for figures above. Please be aware that proofs will NOT be provided for immediate publication of accepted manuscripts; the templates will be published exactly as you provide it to our editorial office. However, proofs will be sent to authors for review prior to the final publication.

Imaging Protocols

We encourage you to share the imaging protocol you used in your study, to help our readers implement the solution you are proposing in your article and to facilitate its dissemination. Please consider submitting a representative protocol downloaded directly from your scanners. The instructions to download the protocols for your scanners are here.

Graphical Abstracts

Authors are highly encouraged to provide a graphical abstract for their manuscript. A graphical abstract is a visual summary of the main finding or the most important take-home message of the article. Authors should focus on delivering one main message to our readers (not an overview of all details and methods).

The graphical abstract must be self-explanatory but it is not meant to be a substitute for reading the manuscript. It can be a summary figure or schematic model from the article but even better is an image specially designed for the purpose which relays the main point of the article at a glance. By presenting visually appealing and eye-catching images or diagrams, graphical abstracts draw readers into the article. Further, they can be shared on social media platforms where they serve as promotional material to attract attention, generate interest, and lead to increased visibility and citations for the article.

Please download the instructions and the blueprint to prepare your graphical abstract.

 

The detailed instructions for each type of manuscript are available as comments in the manuscript templates available above, but these instructions are also laid out below:

Jump to Original Research
Jump to Level 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Expedited Program
Jump to Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses
Jump to Review Articles
Jump to Clinical Reports
Jump to Radiology-Pathology Correlations
Jump to Point/Counterpoint Articles
Jump to Brief/Technical Reports
Jump to State of Practice (formerly known as White Papers and Perspectives)
Jump to Video Articles
Jump to Letters to the Editor
Jump to Obituaries
Jump to Book Reviews
Jump to Case of the Week
Jump to Classic Case
Jump to Templates

 

 

 Original Research

Abstract	The abstract should describe the essential aspects of the investigation in four subheadings: Background and Purpose. In the first sentence, state the background information/rationale for the investigation; in the second sentence, state your specific purpose or hypothesis Materials and Methods Results. Summarize actual data. Conclusions. Brief statement directed to the stated purpose or hypothesis; no references should be cited.
Introduction	Please write a brief introduction to the paper that outlines the Background/Purpose in further detail.
Methods	This section may be divided into subsections if it facilitates reading the paper. The research design, patients/subjects, material used, means of confirming diagnoses, and statistical methods should be included. Do not include manufacturer's names unless the specific product is important to the procedures performed. When appropriate, indicate that approval was obtained from the institution's review board.  Indicate that informed consent has been obtained from patients who participated in clinical investigations. In animal experimentation, acknowledge that National Institutes of Health or equivalent guidelines were followed. If there is a sponsoring company, include at the end of this section what input that company had in the formulation of the paper.
Results	This section may be divided into subsections if it facilitates reading the paper. Do not mix results and discussion into this section. Present results in a clear, orderly fashion, and include statistical findings to substantiate the results. All results based on methods must be included. If tables and graphic material will ease the understanding of the results, include them. However, when the results can be summarized easily in a narrative form, do not use tables. Cite figures to illustrate findings.
Summary Section	If the article is accepted for publication, you may be required to prepare a summary section. This will consist of a table that include three cells summarizing the discussion with the following subheadings: Previous literature (100 words max) Key findings (50 words max) Knowledge advancement (50 words max)
Discussion	Start with limited, pertinent background information and then discuss the results of the investigation in light of what has been published in the past, the limitations of your study, the implications for patient care, and potential directions for future research. The promise of further studies by the authors should be eliminated unless these are certain to be undertaken and should not be used as an excuse for study limitations. Authors should also avoid statements indicating theirs is the first study of its kind unless this can be documented and the work is truly unique. Where appropriate, cite figures and graphs.
Conclusions	In a separate section, summarize the major findings of the study and their clinical usefulness (if applicable). This paragraph should address the hypothesis or purpose stated earlier in the paper.

Reporting Checklists

To ensure consistent and high-quality reporting, we recommend that submissions of Original Articles, Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses adhere to specified guidelines when applicable:

General Format	Adhere to the previously mentioned format.
Reporting	You are encouraged to align with the EQUATOR research reporting guidelines detailed below. Kindly ensure that, in the event of the availability of multiple versions, the most recent iteration of the checklists is utilized.
Supplementary Checklist	You may include a checklist with your submission as supplementary material
Introduction Note	At the end of the "Introduction" section, you may specify which reporting checklist guided your work. For instance, "This article follows the PRISMA reporting guidelines."
Recommended Reporting Checklists	Diagnostic Accuracy: STARD Checklist Randomized Controlled Trials: CONSORT Checklist Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses: PRISMA Checklist Observational Studies (including cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies): STROBE Checklist Study Protocols: SPIRIT Checklist Clinical Practice Guidelines: AGREE Checklist Animal Pre-clinical Studies: ARRIVE Checklist Quality Improvement Studies: SQUIRE Checklist Prediction Model Development & Validation: TRIPOD Checklist Qualitative Research: SRQR Checklist Economic Evaluations: CHEERS Statement

For a deeper understanding and further details, visit EQUATOR Network.

Statistical Considerations

Papers with statistical analysis should be prepared in consultation or coauthorship with someone who has statistical expertise.

Results should be presented with only as much precision as is of scientific value given the study context and sample size. P-values should generally be reported out to two decimal places if greater than .01, or three if between .001 and .01, and reported as “<.001” otherwise. P-values should be presented using two-sided tests, unless the study design specifies that a one-sided test is required (eg, noninferiority studies). Measures of association, odds ratios, correlation coefficients, or diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, etc.) should ordinarily be reported to two digits past the decimal place unless the scientific context warrants greater precision.

Here is a summary of most common thematic areas of comments, examples of issues, and suggestions on how to address:

	Comment	Issues Observed	Suggested Fixes
Presentation	1. Statistical analysis plan	Statistical analysis section: i. Missing ii. Incomplete	i. If the manuscript presents quantitative statistics, include a Statistical Analysis subsection in the Methods. ii. Review results, tables, and figures for any analytic methods not described in the Statistical Analysis section.
	2. Results	i. Meaningless statistics presented without context ii. Missing confidence intervals iii. Too many significant digits	i. Avoid presenting F-statistics, Chi-squared statistics, or p-values without estimates of between-group differences. ii. Include confidence intervals to demonstrate range of uncertainty in between-group differences. iii. For most AJNR articles, decimals can be rounded to two digits past the decimal point. P-values < 0.01 can be presented with up to three digits past the decimal point.
Statistical Analysis Methods	3. Correlated data	Assumptions of statistical independence fail when observations are correlated: i. Bilateral parts of same body included ii. Repeated scans on same body included	Potential fixes for both i. and ii. include: 1. Demonstrate that data included on same subject data are statistically independent. 2. Use GEE or LME models (if sufficient sample size). 3. Bootstrap resampling of patients with repeated analyses. 4. Include one observation per subject.
	4. Diagnostic accuracy	i. Comparing two paired ROC curves without a statistical test ii. Criteria for selecting an ROC cut point to assess diagnostic accuracy unspecified iii. Paired dichotomous data analyzed incorrectly	i. Use DeLong’s test to determine whether two AUCs are statistically different. ii. Include a description of how a diagnostic cut point was selected (e.g. Youden’s index). iii. Use McNemar’s test to compare paired dichotomous data (e.g. sensitivity, specificity).
	5. Multiple testing	Repeated statistical testing with: i. no adjustment for multiple comparisons ii. adjustment for multiple comparisons, but no description of number of tests	i. Use FWER or FDR correction procedures when multiple groups or tests are included. ii. Include a description of how many tests were included in the multiple comparison correction procedure or adjusted alpha level that indicates statistical significance.
Design	6. Research approach	Primary question of interest not supported by tables, figures, and results	Review the stated purpose of the study in the Introduction. Reflect on which of the included tables, figures, and results address the stated question(s) of interest.
	7. Confounding	Confounding by indication; groups clinically or demographically different	Use multivariable adjustment, propensity scores, and/or matching to account for potentially confounding variables.

Level 1 Evidence-Based Medicine Expedited Program

Submission of properly designed randomized trials (EBM Level 1) will be given priority at every stage of the review process, from submission to publication. Authors who want to take advantage of this new program should follow these simple guidelines:

1. Contact via email the Editor-in-Chief (mw.ajnr.eic@gmail.com) prior to submission to let him know such an article is being prepared.
2. Once the article is submitted, the Editor-in-Chief will review it immediately and decide if it is an EBM Level 1 article.

Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses

In general, meta-analyses and systematic reviews should follow the Original Research submission guidelines shown above and can be submitted under the "Original Research" manuscript type in Manuscript Central. However, the abstract format differs. Please include the following subheadings in a meta-analysis or systematic review abstract:

• Background
• Purpose
• Data Sources
• Study Selection
• Data Analysis
• Data Synthesis
• Limitations
• Conclusions

An Abstract example is shown here.

PRISMA guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews must follow the PRISMA guidelines, and authors should upload a copy of the PRISMA checklist to their Manuscript Files. For more information, please review the PRISMA statement.

Review Articles

Authors are encouraged to contact the Editor-in-Chief (mw.ajnr.eic@gmail.com) before preparing an unsolicited Review Article to avoid duplication of other work already in progress.

Manuscript Sections
Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.
Text	After a brief introduction, this section may be divided into subsections to facilitate reading the paper. Discuss pertinent background information, review the major findings of articles published in the past and the limitations of these studies, the implications for patient care, and potential directions for future research.
Tables and Figures	If tables and graphic material will ease the understanding of the results, include them. However, when the results can be summarized easily in a narrative form, do not use tables. Cite figures to illustrate findings.

Clinical Reports

These are series of cases (more than 5) that are retrospective and descriptive.

Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.
Introduction	Describe the essence of the report.
Case Series	Describe the case series. Write in the past tense.
Discussion	Highlight the educational value of the case series.

Radiology-Pathology Correlations

Radiology-Pathology Correlation articles will correlate the imaging findings with the histology to help build confidence in determining concordance (or discordance) by better understanding how the particular entity results in the corresponding imaging findings. A pathologist must be included as an author on each submission.

Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.
Introduction	Describe the essence of the paper.
Imaging	Describe the imaging findings.
Operative Report	Describe the approach and course of operation.
Pathology	Describe the pathology.
Discussion	Highlight the educational value of the content.
Case Summary	Provide a summary of the case.

Point/Counterpoint Articles (for each side)

Expert commentaries debating a controversial clinical issue. Each side of the debate makes their argument about the same controversial topic.

Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.

Brief/Technical Reports

Brief Reports or Technical Notes should be unusually educational or medically important but having limited or preliminary data. Novel imaging sequences or technical applications would also be appropriate for this category. This category, however, is not intended for case reports. Publication of Brief Reports/Technical Notes is limited to 2 per issue. 

Abstract	The abstract should be a one-paragraph summary of the article.

State of Practice (formerly known as White Papers and Perspectives)

State of Practice manuscripts (formerly known as White Papers and Perspectives) provide an opportunity to discuss developments in a specific field of neuroradiology, which may give rise to new questions and pose unforeseen challenges to the community. These articles can focus on methodologic, research, or clinical aspects as well as Quality Improvement Projects. Similar to Review Articles, they include a broad literature search. However, in contrast to reviews, they focus on providing a framework or solution relevant to the covered topic. Authors will have significant prior expertise and contributions relevant to the topic. For Quality Improvement Projects, authors should structure the content in accordance with the SQUIRE guidelines. These manuscripts are peer-reviewed.

Title	Should include: "State of Practice"
Abstract	Background. Should describe the content of the article. Methods. Should describe the group issuing the State of Practice and the approach they used to formulate the State of Practice. Key Message. Should convey the main take-away point for the readers Total length of abstract should be 300 words or less.
Text	After a brief introduction, this section may be divided into subsections to facilitate reading the paper. Discuss pertinent background information, focus on the major findings of articles published within the last 5 years, and the limitations of these studies. Then, a proposed framework or solution may be provided. The potential implications for patient care should also be discussed. For Quality Improvement Projects, authors should structure the content in accordance with the SQUIRE guidelines.
Tables and Figures	If tables and graphic material will ease the understanding of the results, include them. However, when the results can be summarized easily in a narrative form, do not use tables. Cite figures to illustrate findings. For Quality Improvement Projects, authors should include figures such as Ishikawa diagrams, driver diagrams, Pareto charts, run charts etc.

Video Articles

The objective of the Video Article section is to enable authors to showcase procedural techniques and imaging advances in neuroradiology to the AJNR readership. These may include diagnostic developments or techniques employed in more routine procedures as well as innovative applications that are not commonly adopted.

The majority of the video should include live fluoroscopic or intraprocedural footage, rather than slide or static images. Videos should be less than 10 minutes in length, highlight one procedure, and be narrated with pertinent recordings.  The title slide should be created using the AJNR Technical Video Template. Videos must be accompanied by an abstract. The abstract, along with associated citations, will be published and indexed.

Abstract/Structure: 150 words; single paragraph.

Video Template:

• Please use the template provided. Use categories that are applicable to your video article type.
• HIPPA compliant. Demographic including gender pronouns should be avoided.
• Speaker should not be identifiable on the video
• Number of authors: 5 or less
• Prepare 2 versions of your video for submission: the full video and a blinded version for peer review that does not contain the title slide or disclosures.

References: Less than 20 should be included within the video

Video quality: 720p or higher (submitted either MP4, AVI, or MOV file type)

File size: Maximum 500 MB (350 MB per file)

Letters to the Editor (and Response)

Letters to the Editor may express an opinion relative to the practice of neuroradiology or constructive observations or criticisms of published material. These manuscripts must be received within two months after print publication of any article upon which the Letter offers commentary or criticism. Letters should be submitted with a brief title (and a title page containing author contact information) but no salutation. Letters are published at the discretion of the AJNR and are subject to editing.

Obituaries

Obituaries are published at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief. They will only be considered for the following individuals: ASNR Past Presidents, ASNR Founders, ASNR Honorary Members, AJNR Editors, and individuals who are judged to have had significant impact in neuroradiology. Please contact the Editor-in-Chief before submitting an obituary.

Book Reviews

Book Reviews are now posted online. Queries may be directed to the Book Reviews Editor, Dr. Robert M. Quencer.

Case Collections (Web Only)

Case of the Week

Section Editors Submit cases to Matylda Machnowska and Anvita Pauranik at (caseoftheweek@asnr.org).

Cases need to be interesting and educational. They need not be rare. Case acceptance is based entirely upon the discretion of the Section Editor. Upon receiving the case, a decision letter will be sent, usually within 2 weeks. Authors will be notified of delays in the review process.

To prevent duplicate publication, cases will not be considered if they have been simultaneously submitted to or accepted for inclusion in the ASNR Case of the Week collection.

Case Slides
Case of the Week submission entails 3 PowerPoint slides:
Slide 1	Brief history Two to six high-quality illustrations (color is acceptable) in JPG format, without annotations Names of the authors (1-5 per case) and institutions. Authors are encouraged to provide their Twitter handles, if desired.
Slide 2	Images with appropriate annotations (arrows, etc.) and figure legends. Legends should be written in present tense (eg, "T1-weighted MR image shows...") and should describe the key imaging findings (both positive and pertinent negative findings). Arrows should be placed at the discretion of the author. No discussion about the final diagnosis or the differential diagnosis should be included in the legends.
Slide 3	Diagnosis Succinct, up-to-date discussion (1–2 lines each), including 1) background, 2) relevant clinical information, 3) key diagnostic features, 4) a list of differential diagnoses, and 5) treatment options. Authors are requested to expand the differential diagnosis section by noting imaging features that aid in differentiating each of the mentioned differential diagnoses. Two to three relevant and current citationss. Cite AJNR when possible so as to allow linking to the appropriate article.

PowerPoint Template Authors should download and save our PowerPoint template. Cases that do not adhere to the submission guidelines will be rejected.

Image Quality Images should be exported directly from a PACS system or high-quality film scans and should be provided at 92 dpi and at least 800 pixels in height. No pictures of printed films will be accepted. Cropped screen captures should be avoided.

Topics of Interest All properly submitted cases will be reviewed and considered for publication in light of their educational value. Nevertheless, we would encourage submitting cases that represent the following scenarios:

• Rare manifestations of typical diseases, where the diagnosis could have been done correctly in light of imaging findings and/or clinical characteristics
• Typical manifestations of uncommon diseases, especially when imaging characteristics are key for the correct diagnosis
• Mimics where imaging findings can have a significant impact on clinical conduct (eg, benign lesions mimicking aggressive tumors, neoplastic lesions that mimic a benign lesion)
• Cases where advanced MR techniques can help in making the correct diagnosis or narrow the differential significantly
• Submissions of educational interventional neuroradiology cases where conventional or cross-sectional angiographic techniques are showcased

We recommend the authors to review the Case Diagnosis Archive to check on prior submitted cases. The reviewers will give priority to those cases where the final diagnosis has not been previously discussed in this section. Repeated cases will be reviewed and considered for publication if they represent an improvement or a significant update of their prior appearance in Case of the Week.

Classic Case

Section Editor Submit cases directly to Sandy Cheng-Yu Chen (sandy0932@gmail.com).

The image needs to be a classic, and should illustrate findings that are typical of a disease process or condition. Acceptance is provided at the discretion of the Section Editor. A decision letter will be provided by the Section Editor within 2-3 business days from the time of submission.

Case Slides
Classic Case submission entails 2 PowerPoint slides:
Slide 1	A high-quality illustration in JPG format, without annotations, accompanied by 1 multiple-choice question outlining 4 possible diagnoses. The illustration may be a plain radiograph, CT or MR image, or a photograph showing interesting histopathological or physical findings. Names of the authors (1-3 per quiz) and institutions. We encourage fellows worldwide to participate.
Slide 2	The answer. Authors may include 1-3 supplemental images and 1-3 lines of text explanation.

Case of the Month

We no longer accept Case of the Month submissions. Please consider submitting to the Classic Case or Case of the Week sections.