Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Non-contrast-enhanced MRA techniques have experienced a renaissance due to the known correlation between the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and the deposition of gadolinium in some brain regions. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of ungated non-contrast-enhanced radial quiescent-interval slice-selective MRA of the extracranial supra-aortic arteries in comparison with conventional contrast-enhanced MRA in patients with clinical suspicion of carotid stenosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, both MRA pulse sequences were performed in 31 consecutive patients (median age, 68.8 years; 19 men). For the evaluation, the cervical arterial system was divided into 35 segments (right and left side). Three blinded reviewers separately evaluated these segments. An ordinal scoring system was used to assess the image quality of arterial segments and the stenosis grading of carotid arteries.
RESULTS: Overall venous contamination in quiescent-interval slice-selective MRA was rated as “none” by all readers in 84.9% of cases and in 8.1% of cases in contrast-enhanced MRA (P < .0001). The visualization quality of arterial segments was considered good to excellent in 40.2% for the quiescent-interval slice-selective MRA and in 52.2% for the contrast-enhanced MRA (P < .0001). The diagnostic accuracy of ungated quiescent-interval slice-selective MRA concerning the stenosis grading showed a total sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 90.0%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Ungated quiescent-interval slice-selective MRA can be used clinically as an alternative to contrast-enhanced MRA without a significantly different image quality or diagnostic accuracy for the detection of carotid stenosis at 1.5T.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- CE
- contrast-enhanced
- QISS
- quiescent-interval slice-selective
- RF
- radiofrequency
- CTA
- computed tomography angiography
- DSA
- digital subtracted angiography
- DUS
- duplex ultrasound
- ECG
- electro-cardiogram
- FLASH
- fast low angle shot
- FOCI
- frequency offset corrected inversion
- MRA
- magnetic resonance angiography
- NASCET
- North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial
Extracranial ICA stenosis is a common disease and a risk factor for an ischemic stroke.1 Atherosclerosis is the main cause of ICA stenosis.2,3 Typical risk factors for atherosclerosis are hypertension, history of smoking, diabetes, obesity, and an elevated low-density cholesterol level.4,5 An ICA stenosis can be treated either conservatively, for example with risk-factor control and best medical therapy, or invasively (endarterectomy or stent and angioplasty).3,6 The decision on the preferred method for the treatment of an ICA stenosis depends on several factors. Besides the existence of symptoms, the grade of the stenosis is an important factor.3,7 Therefore, determination of the stenosis grade is essential to assess the appropriate treatment.
Duplex sonography, CT angiography, and MR angiography are the non-minimally invasive imaging modalities to evaluate the ICA.8 The accuracy of a duplex ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries depends on the experience of the investigator, so a second imaging technique is required in most cases. Additionally, extensive calcified plaques of the vessel wall impair accurate assessment of the grade of stenosis, which is difficult due to acoustic shadowing. Contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) using a gadolinium-based contrast agent is an often used minimally invasive method for grading an ICA stenosis. In patients with renal insufficiency, a gadolinium-based contrast agent should be used with caution.9 For these patients, the CE-CTA is not a suitable alternative due to the use of a potentially nephrotoxic iodine contrast medium. Furthermore, the deposition of a gadolinium-based contrast agent in the brain of patients even with good renal function is a subject of ongoing discussions and investigations into using non-CE MR imaging techniques.10,11 The above concerns about MR imaging contrast agent safety have spurred new developments in non-CE MR imaging techniques with reliable clinical results.12⇓–14 2D/3D-TOF-MRA is a commonly used non-contrast-enhanced approach for MRA of the extracranial carotid arteries. However, both techniques are time-consuming compared with CE-MRA. The image quality and anatomic coverage provided by TOF-MRA is inferior to that of CE-MRA.15,16 Moreover, TOF is more sensitive to respiratory and flow artifacts and has a tendency to overestimate stenoses.14
Recently, a new technique for non-CE-MRA of the arteries was presented. The so-called quiescent-interval slice-selective (QISS)17 MRA was first used to examine the peripheral arteries and showed promising results.13 Recent advances in the QISS technique facilitate non-CE-MRA of other vessels,18 in particular the extracranial carotid arteries at 3T.19,20 The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of an ungated radial implementation of QISS-MRA at 1.5T and to assess its diagnostic performance for imaging the extracranial carotid arteries compared with the clinical standard technique of CE-MRA. For simplification, the ungated non-CE radial QISS-MRA is abbreviated as ungated QISS-MRA.
Materials and Methods
Patients
Patients who were included in this prospective study had been consecutively referred to our center from May to September 2018 for clinically indicated extracranial MRA of the supra-aortic arteries. The medical history of all patients was reviewed to determine the reason for the clinically requested MR imaging examination of the carotid arteries. The study exclusion criteria were a history of carotid stent placement; renal insufficiency that precluded the administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent, as indicated by an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <30 mL/min/1.73 m21; other contraindications for gadolinium-based contrast agent; and contraindications for MR imaging.
This study was performed according to the protocol (No. D 508/18) approved by the ethics committee at the university medical center in Kiel in accordance with the ethical standards established in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Our patients gave written informed consent.
Demographic Data of Study Population
Pertinent demographic data (age, weight, body mass index at MR imaging, examination date, and sex) of the study population were recorded.
MRA Imaging
Imaging was performed on a 1.5T MR imaging system (MAGNETOM Aera, XQ gradients, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) with a maximum gradient strength of 45 mT/m and a maximum slew rate of 200 mT/m/ms. The MR imaging system was operated by the latest software (Syngo, version E11C, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). The MR signal was received using a 20-element head coil, a 4-element neck coil, and a 32-element array coil placed on the upper chest (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany)
The ungated QISS-MRA was performed in all subjects without electrocardiogram gating using a 2D single-shot radial FLASH readout. Flow compensation minimized blood flow artifacts.
Breath-hold first-pass CE-MRA was performed after ungated QISS-MRA in all subjects with the administration of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight of gadolinium-based contrast agent (Gadovist, 1.0 mmol/mL, gadobutrol; Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) in an antecubital vein at a rate of 2 mL/s. After the CE-MRA examination, the CE-MRA images were subtracted from a native MRA image (mask), which was acquired with the same parameters before contrast agent injection. The imaging parameters for both MRA pulse sequences are summarized in Table 1.
Imaging parameters for ungated QISS and CE-MRA sequences
Image Analysis
Three blinded board-certified radiologists (S.P., M.H., U.J.-K.) each with at least 7 years of experience in neuroradiology and MRA, evaluated all MR imaging datasets independently and during separate reading sessions. Source images and rotating MIP images were reviewed. The image analysis was performed on an Impax EE workstation (Agfa-Gevaert, Mortsel, Belgium).
The overall diagnostic quality of MR images was rated using a scoring scale of 1–3 with respect to the arterial signal and the presence of artifacts (including parallel acquisition reconstruction artifacts, motion artifacts, and/or noise):
. Grade 1: poor image quality, inadequate arterial signal, and/or the presence of a significant amount of artifacts/noise impairing the diagnosis.
. Grade 2: good image quality sufficient for diagnosis, adequate arterial signal, and/or mild-to-moderate amounts of artifacts/noise not interfering with diagnosis.
. Grade 3: Excellent image quality for highly confident diagnosis, good arterial signal, and no-to-minimal amount of artifacts/noise.
Potentially contaminating venous signal was evaluated on a scale of 0–3:
. Grade 0: none.
. Grade 1: minimal, allowing interpretation with a high degree of diagnostic confidence.
. Grade 2: moderate, exceeding acceptable degree and limiting diagnostic confidence.
. Grade 3: severe, markedly limiting diagnostic confidence.
The cervical arteries were divided into 35 segments (Table 2). The continuity, visibility, and edge sharpness of these segments were assessed in all subjects. Visualization of each segment was assessed using a scoring scale of 1–4:
. Grade 1: nondiagnostic, barely visible lumen rendering of the segment.
. Grade 2: fair, ill-defined vessel borders with suboptimal image quality for diagnosis.
. Grade 3: good, minor inhomogeneities not influencing vessel delineation.
. Grade 4: excellent, sharply defined arterial borders with excellent image quality for highly confident diagnosis.
Evaluation of ungated QISS-MRA versus CE-MRA based on the introduced 3-, 4-, and 5-point scale scoring systems in the section “Image Analysis” using the Wilcoxon signed rank test
The image quality of an arterial segment was deemed diagnostic (grade ≥3) if the reader was confidently able to visualize the lumen of the structure of the carotid artery in its entirety.
The stenosis grading of the right and left internal carotid arteries was evaluated on the basis of the NASCET trial22 criteria using a scoring scale of 1–5:
. Grade 1: 0% normal patency.
. Grade 2: <50% stenosis.
. Grade 3: 50%–69% stenosis.
. Grade 4: ≥70% stenosis.
. Grade 5: 100% occlusion.
When multiple stenotic lesions occurred in a particular arterial segment, the most stenotic lesion was considered the diagnostic grade and was used in the analysis.
Detailed information about the ungated QISS-MRA and the statistical analysis are available in the On-line Appendix.
Results
Patient Characteristics
Our study population consisted of 31 patients (median age, 65.0 years [range, 27.7–91.4 years]; weight, 79.2 kg [range, 53.4–120.0 kg]; body mass index, 26.3 kg/m2 [range, 17.4–37.9 kg/m2]), including 19 male and 12 female subjects. In 21 subjects, the MR imaging was requested due to the suspicion of an arterio-arterial embolic ischemic stroke or a suspected stroke, in 5 cases for exclusion of a severe carotid stenosis before a cardiac or aortic operation, and in 5 cases to exclude a dissection of the cervical arteries after a trauma or after previous dissections.
Image Quality
A total of 62 datasets (31 datasets per QISS-MRA and CE-MRA) were evaluated by 3 readers.
For QISS-MRA, reader 1 graded the overall image quality in 6.5% (2/31) as “poor,” in 38.7% (12/31) as “good,” and in 54.8% (17/31) of cases as “excellent”; reader 2 graded 16.1% (5/31) as poor, 71.0% (22/31) as good, and 12.9% (4/31) of cases as excellent; and reader 3 graded 3.2% (1/31) as poor, 93.5% (29/31) as good, and 3.2% (1/31) of cases as excellent.
For CE-MRA, reader 1 graded the overall image quality in 9.7% (3/31) as poor, in 48.4% (15/31) as good, and in 41.9% (13/31) of cases as excellent; reader 2 graded 16.1% (5/31) as poor, 38.7% (12/31) as good, and 45.2% (14/31) of cases as excellent; and reader 3 graded 9.7% (3/31) as poor, 80.6% (25/31) as good, and 9.7% (3/31) of cases as excellent.
Image quality was graded in 23.7% (22/93) of QISS-MRA cases and in 32.3% (27/93) of CE-MRA cases as excellent by all readers. There was no significant difference between the two MRA pulse sequences concerning the image quality (2 median [range, 1–3] versus 2 median [range, 1–3], P = .46, Table 2).
Venous Contamination
For QISS-MRA, reader 1 graded the contaminating venous signal in 77.4% (24/31) as “none,” in 19.4% (6/31) as “minimal,” and in 3.2% (1/31) as “moderate”; reader 2 graded 93.5% (29/31) as none, 3.2% (1/31) as minimal, and 3.2% (1/31) as moderate; and reader 3 graded 83.9% (26/31) as none and 16.1% (5/31) as minimal.
For CE-MRA, reader 1 graded the contaminating venous signal in 3.2% (1/31) as none, in 83.4% (26/31) as minimal, in 6.5% (2/31) as moderate, and in 6.5% (2/31) of cases as “severe”; reader 2 graded 12.9% (4/31) as none, 64.5% (20/31) as minimal, 16.1% (5/31) as moderate, and 6.5% (2/31) as severe; and reader 3 graded 9.7% (3/31) as none, 61.3% (19/31) as minimal, 19.4% (6/31) as moderate, and 9.7% (3/31) of cases as severe.
Overall venous contamination was rated as none by all readers in 84.9% (79/93) of QISS-MRA cases and in 8.1% (8/93) of CE-MRA cases (0 [range, 0–2]versus 1 [range, 0–3], P < .0001, Table 2).
Visualization of Arterial Segments
A total of 3255 arterial segments (35 arterial segments, 18 on the right side and 17 on the left side) for each patient per QISS-MRA and CE-MRA were evaluated once by all 3 readers.
For QISS-MRA, reader 1 scored 11.2% (121/1085) of segments with grade four, 30.9% (335/1085) with grade three, 29.8% with grade two (323/1085), and 28.2% (306/1085) with grade 1. Reader 2 identified 11.2% (121/1085) of segments with grade four, 30.6% (332/1085) with grade three, 45.0% with grade two (488/1085), and 13.3% (144/1085) with grade 1. Reader 3 graded 11.6% (126/1085) of segments with grade four, 25.2% (273/1085) with grade three, 30.5% with grade 2 (331/1085), and 32.7% (355/1085) with grade 1.
The overall median rating grades of all readers was 2 (range, 1–4).
For CE-MRA, reader 1 identified 22.3% (242/1085) of segments with grade four, 28.1% (305/1085) with grade three, 28.6% with grade two (310/1085), and 21.0% (228/1085) with grade 1. Reader 2 scored 28.6% (310/1085) of segments with grade four, 36.3% (394/1085) with grade three, 29.0% with grade two (315/1085), and 6.1% (66/1085) with grade 1. Reader 3 graded 16.8% (182/1085) of segments with grade four, 24.6% (267/1085) with grade three, 28.8% with grade two (312/1085), and 29.9% (324/1085) with grade 1.
The overall median rating grades of readers 1 and 2 was 3 (range, 1–4), and of reader 3, it was 2 (range, 1–4).
The visualization quality of arterial segments was considered good to excellent (grade ≥3) in 40.2% (1308/3255) for the QISS-MRA and in 52.2% (1700/3255) for the CE-MRA (2 [range, 1–4] versus 3 [range, 1–4], P < .0001). A detailed comparison among all arterial segments between both MRA-pulse sequences is shown in Table 2.
There was a strong correlation between the QISS-MRA and CE-MRA sequence concerning the detection of carotid stenosis on both sides (r = 0.92, P < .0001) with an excellent interobserver agreement of 0.94 for both sides (Table 3).
Interobserver agreement for the evaluation of QISS-MRA and CE-MRA based on the introduced 3-, 4-, and 5-point scale scoring systems in the “Image Analysis” sectiona
The interobserver agreement for the QISS-MRA and CE-MRA concerning the image quality was 0.54, contamination with the venous enhancement was 0.86, and visualization of arterial segments on the left and right sides was 0.71.
Detailed information about the evaluation results are available in Tables 2, 3, and 4. Clinical examples are provided in Figs 1⇓⇓⇓–5.
Comparison of ungated QISS-MRA and CE-MRA for assessment of the stenosis grade of the extracranial carotid arteriesa
Example of an excellent imaging quality (grade 3) without any venous contamination (grade 0). Maximum intensity projection (MIP) with angulation to the left carotid bifurcation of the CE-MRA (A, slice thickness: 14.5 mm) and the ungated QISS-MRA (B, slice thickness: 14.1 mm) of a 76-year-old patient with clinically suspected infarction of the right hemisphere and suspected stenosis of the right cervical internal carotid artery by sonography (same patient as in Fig 5).
The effect of venous contamination on the image quality. MIP with angulation to the left carotid bifurcation of the CE-MRA (A, slice thickness: 13.9 mm) and the QISS-MRA (B, slice thickness: 13.5 mm) of a 33-year-old patient with suspected cerebral infarction. In the CE-MRA, the bolus is slightly missed, resulting in a severe venous contamination, whereas the QISS-MRA shows no venous signal.
Influence of an implanted stent on the image quality. MIP of the CE-MRA (A, slice thickness: 13.0 mm) and the ungated QISS-MRA (B, slice thickness: 13.0 mm) with angulation to the left internal carotid artery of a 50-year-old patient who was stented 5 years ago due to a carotid artery dissection. The corresponding MIP of a CE-CTA (C, slice thickness: 1.4 mm) was obtained 2 years, and DSA, 1 year after stent placement. In both MRA techniques, there are just slight artifacts at the ends of the stent, and the lumen is well visualized. This patient was not included in this study.
Visualization of internal carotid artery stenosis using CE-MRA and ungated QISS-MRA compared with CE-CTA. MIP with angulation to the left carotid bifurcation of the CE-MRA (A, slice thickness: 13.1 mm), QISS-MRA (B, slice thickness: 13.0 mm), and CE-CTA (C, slice thickness: 13.0 mm) of a 55-year-old patient with confirmed infarction of the left hemisphere and suspected stenosis of the left internal carotid artery using sonography. All 3 techniques verified the diagnosis of carotid stenosis (white arrows).
Visualization of internal carotid artery stenosis using CE-MRA and ungated QISS-MRA compared with invasive DSA. MIP with angulation to the right carotid bifurcation of the CE-MRA (A, slice thickness: 14.0 mm) and the QISS-MRA (B, slice thickness: 13.5 mm) of a 76-year-old patient with clinically suspected infarction of the right hemisphere and suspected stenosis of the cervical internal carotid artery on the right by sonography (same patient as in Fig 1). The corresponding DSA of the right carotid bifurcation (C) before stent angioplasty confirmed the stenosis (white arrows).
Discussion
Due to the known correlation between the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with end-stage renal disease9 and also the deposition of gadolinium in some brain regions,10 non-CE-MRA techniques have experienced a renaissance in research and development and clinical application.12,23
Since the introduction of non-CE QISS-MRA for evaluating the lower extremities in 2010,17 this technique and its variants have been used and clinically evaluated in a variety of vascular territories. In 2016, Koktzoglou et al19 presented the feasibility of a cardiac-gated Cartesian QISS sequence variant for non-CE MRA of the extracranial carotid arteries in 5 healthy volunteers and 5 patients at 3T. The results of QISS were compared with those of 2D-TOF and CE-MRA, and they found that QISS provided better image quality than 2D TOF. Moreover, their initial results suggested that cardiac-gated QISS has potential utility as a non-CE alternative to CE-MRA. A recent retrospective study conducted at 3T has also demonstrated improved image quality of radial QISS with respect to 2D-TOF.20
In our prospective study, for the first time the diagnostic accuracy of ungated QISS-MRA was compared with CE-MRA in patients with suspected extracranial carotid artery stenosis at 1.5T. The main findings of this study are the following: 1) QISS-MRA provides good visualization of the supra-aortic arteries without contrast agent and without cardiac gating; 2) on the basis of the performed segmental evaluation by 3 experienced radiologists, ungated QISS-MRA showed high sensitivity and specificity and a significant correlation with CE-MRA for the detection of carotid artery stenosis; and 3) ungated QISS-MRA is therefore a reliable technique for diagnosing carotid artery stenosis, in particular in patients with contraindications to gadolinium-based contrast agents.
QISS was originally described as a technique that leverages cardiac gating to optimally synchronize the quiescent intervals and readout to rapid systolic and slow diastolic arterial flow, respectively. However, because most MR imaging protocols for imaging in the head and neck are performed without cardiac or peripheral pulse triggering, it is most convenient from a clinical perspective to image without cardiac synchronization.
In this study, an ungated implementation of the QISS-MRA pulse sequence leveraging radial k-space sampling was used. The consistent arterial contrast obtained using QISS-MRA in this study was predicated on 3 factors: first, the continuous flow found in the brain circulation; second, the combination of a rather lengthy interecho spacing (∼15 ms) and a low flip angle (30°), which minimized saturation of arterial flow; and third, the use of radial k-space sampling to suppress arterial pulsation artifacts.
The duration of the measurement time using ungated QISS-MRA was fixed to 7 minutes and was independent of patient heart rate and electrocardiogram quality. While the measurement time of CE-MRA on paper is only 20 seconds, the total time to perform CE-MRA is, in fact, longer than that needed for ungated QISS-MRA. This is due to the extra time required for the preparation of patients for contrast agent injection, acquisition of a precontrast dataset as a mask for CE-MRA (∼20 seconds), and also the postprocessing of the CE dataset (∼30 seconds), which is not needed for the ungated QISS-MRA procedure. The ungated QISS-MRA can be repeated as often as required without problems with venous contamination, for instance for the diagnosis of various arterial abnormalities in head and neck region and also for serial follow-up imaging. Images of the intracranial arteries can also be acquired in addition to the extracranial arteries when the slice-distance factor is set to a value of −20% to −25% instead of −33% (used in this study), without any extension of measurement time.
As demonstrated in this study, the image quality of ungated QISS-MRA was comparable with that of CE-MRA and was graded as good or excellent in most cases. In some cases, the informative value of the ungated QISS-MRA was even higher due to less venous signal. There was almost no residual venous signal observed in the ungated QISS-MRA. This result indicates sufficient suppression of venous spins by the tracking venous inversion radiofrequency (RF) pulse, despite the use of tilted slices. Compared with axial slices, a possible drawback of tilted slices is the potential for insufficient inflow into vessel segments parallel to the slice direction. A slight reduction of arterial signal intensity was most visible in the aortic arch near the aortic branches. On the basis of our data, however, this reduction of image contrast does not affect the diagnostic accuracy for grading a carotid stenosis. In comparison, some CE-MRA examinations showed severe venous contamination due to mistiming of the image acquisition with respect to the first pass of the contrast bolus.
The acquisition of a CE-MRA dataset of the extracranial carotid arteries was performed in breath-hold to reduce the image artifacts due to respiratory motion. To avoid possible image artifacts during swallowing, we asked the patients to stop swallowing (eg, for about 20 seconds). In contrast, ungated QISS-MRA could be performed in free breathing. The ungated QISS-MRA pulse sequence is largely insensitive to respiratory motion and arterial pulsation artifacts due to its use of radial k-space sampling, which oversamples the center of the k-space and dilutes the impact of respiratory and flow-related signal fluctuations that occur in a minority of radial views. These physiological signal fluctuations were suppressed with the use of radial k-space sampling so far that there was no residual stripping apparent with ungated QISS-MRA. Meanwhile, the use of an image-based navigator reduced the impact of intermittent swallowing motion artifacts.
All 35 extracranial segments with different shapes, lengths, and diameters were analyzed in our study to show even small, clinically irrelevant differences in imaging quality. The CE-MRA provided slightly better visualization of the small vessels. However, these differences did not influence patient management. Moreover, the clinically relevant findings were also reliably detected by the QISS-MRA.
The results of ungated QISS-MRA correlated strongly with those of CE-MRA concerning the stenosis grading. All 3 neuroradiologists graded the carotid artery stenosis in nearly 90% of segments (right side, 87.0%; left side, 93.5%) with the same score in ungated QISS-MRA and CE-MRA. In 5 cases, QISS-MRA overestimated the grade of stenosis, and in 1 case, QISS-MRA underestimated it. In 2 cases, the overestimation and in 1 case the underestimation of stenosis grading by QISS-MRA led to a change between grade 1 and 2 (0% to 50% stenosis) without therapeutic relevance.
In 2 cases, the overestimation of stenosis grading by QISS-MRA led to a change between grades 2 and 3. In one of these cases, the stenosis overestimation would have affected patient management due to the presence of symptoms for the right carotid stenosis, but in the other case, this overestimation did not affect the therapy management because the patient did not have the required symptoms on that side.
In the last case, the diagnosis based on the results of QISS-MRA led to an overestimation of the stenosis grade in the right carotid artery from 3 to 4. This change in grading did not affect the therapy management because therapy was indicated due to the symptoms on this side. Discrepancies in stenosis evaluation occur not only between QISS-MRA and CE-MRA but also among different modalities used for the assessment of ICA stenosis such as CE-CT, duplex ultrasound, and DSA. In cases with discrepant results or borderline stenosis grading, we perform conventional angiography prepared for optional stent implantation. Therefore, relevant stenosis will not be missed and will be treated. The diagnostic accuracy of ungated QISS-MRA showed a total sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 90.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the evaluation of the ICA stenosis grading revealed an excellent interobserver agreement. These data indicate that ungated QISS-MRA can be potentially used as an alternative to CE-MRA for grading carotid artery stenosis.
The number of patients in our single-center study was relatively small. Potentially, a higher number of patients in a multicenter study is necessary to confirm the diagnostic performance of ungated QISS-MRA across a wider range of clinical indications.
Conclusions
This study indicates that ungated QISS-MRA is a reliable angiographic technique with significant clinical potential for the visualization of the extracranial carotid arteries and detection of their stenosis at 1.5T. Ungated QISS-MRA is a feasible alternative for patients with contraindications to gadolinium-based contrast agents, especially in high-risk patients with severe renal insufficiency and an irregular cardiac rhythm. Furthermore, ungated QISS-MRA can avoid the timing-related difficulties of CE-MRA.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Sönke Peters—UNRELATED: Employment: University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein. Ulf Jensen-Kondering—UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: grant from the Medical Faculty. Ioannis Koktzoglou—RELATED: Grant: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health, Comments: Award No. R01EB027475*; UNRELATED: Other: Siemens, Comments: research support.* Robert R. Edelman—UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: Siemens, Comments: Research support*; Royalties: Siemens, Comments: royalties relating to license for noncontrast MRA. Joachim Graessner—UNRELATED: Employment: Siemens. Olav Jansen—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Route 92 Medical; Payment for Lectures Including Service on Speakers Bureaus: Stryker, MicroVention, Bayer Pharma AG. *Money paid to the institution.
This work was supported, in part, by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01EB027475.
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org
REFERENCES
- Received April 1, 2019.
- Accepted after revision July 4, 2019.
- © 2019 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
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