Paracoccidioidomycosis of the Central Nervous System: CT and MR Imaging Findings

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Kwon-Chung KJ,
   3. Bennett JE

   . Medical mycology. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1992;34:504–04 doi:10.1590/S0036-46651992000600018

   CrossRef
2. 2.↵
   2. Marques-da-Silva SH,
   3. Rodrigues AM,
   4. de Hoog GS, et al

   . Occurrence of Paracoccidioides lutzii in the Amazon region: description of two cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012;87:710–14 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0340 pmid:22927496

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   2. Turissini DA,
   3. Gomez OM,
   4. Teixeira MM, et al

   . Species boundaries in the human pathogen Paracoccidioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2017;106:9–25 doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2017.05.007 pmid:28602831

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   2. Bagagli E,
   3. Theodoro RC,
   4. Bosco SM, et al

   . Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: phylogenetic and ecological aspects. Mycopathologia 2008;165:197–207 doi:10.1007/s11046-007-9050-7 pmid:18777629

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   2. Terçarioli GR,
   3. Bagagli E,
   4. Reis GM

   . Ecological study of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in soil: growth ability, conidia production and molecular detection. BMC Microbiol 2007;7:92 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-7-92 pmid:17953742

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   2. Wanke B,
   3. Aide MA

   . Chapter 6: paracoccidioidomycosis. J Bras Pneumol 2009;35:1245–49 doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009001200013 pmid:20126928

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   2. Coutinho ZF,
   3. Silva D,
   4. Lazera M, et al

   . Paracoccidioidomycosis mortality in Brazil (1980-1995). Cad Saúde Pública 2002;18:1441–54 doi:10.1590/S0102-311X2002000500037 pmid:12244377

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   2. Ajello L,
   3. Polonelli L

   . Imported paracoccidioidomycosis: a public health problem in non-endemic areas. Eur J Epidemiol 1985;1:160–65 doi:10.1007/BF00234089 pmid:3842116

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Kamei K,
   3. Sano A,
   4. Kikuchi K, et al

   . The trend of imported mycoses in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2003;9:16–20 doi:10.1007/s10156-002-0217-3 pmid:12673401

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Buitrago MJ,
    3. Cuenca-Estrella M

    . Current epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of endemic mycoses in Spain [in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012;30:407–13 doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2011.09.014 pmid:22130575

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    2. Laccourreye O,
    3. Mirghani H,
    4. Brasnu D, et al

    . Imported acute and isolated glottic paracoccidioidomycosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2010;119:89–92 doi:10.1177/000348941011900204 pmid:20336918

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Onda H,
    3. Komine M,
    4. Murata S, et al

    . Letter: imported paracoccidioidomycosis in Japan. Dermatol Online J 2011;17:11 pmid:20336918

    PubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Van Damme PA,
    3. Bierenbroodspot F,
    4. Telgtt DS, et al

    . A case of imported paracoccidioidomycosis: an awkward infection in the Netherlands. Med Mycol 2006;44:13–18 doi:10.1080/13693780500148137 pmid:16805088

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Walker SL,
    3. Pembroke AC,
    4. Lucas SB, et al

    . Paracoccidioidomycosis presenting in the U.K. Br J Dermatol 2007;158:624–26 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08346.x pmid:18067474

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    2. Rosa Junior M,
    3. Baldon IV,
    4. Amorim AFC, et al

    . Imaging paracoccidioidomycosis: a pictorial review from head to toe. Eur J Radiol 2018;103:147–62 doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.03.026 pmid:29685479

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    2. Martinez R

    . Epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015;57:11–20 doi:10.1590/S0036-46652015000700004 pmid:26465364

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    2. Benard G

    . An overview of the immunopathology of human paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 2008;165:209–21 doi:10.1007/s11046-007-9065-0 pmid:18777630

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    2. Finamor LP,
    3. Muccioli C,
    4. Martins MC, et al

    . Ocular and central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis in a pregnant woman with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134:456–59 doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01574-X pmid:12208267

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    2. de Almeida SM,
    3. Queiroz-Telles F,
    4. Teive HA, et al

    . Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: clinical features and laboratorial findings. J Infect 2004;48:193–98 doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.08.012 pmid:14720496

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    2. Gasparetto EL,
    3. Liu CB,
    4. de Carvalho Neto A, et al

    . Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: imaging findings in 17 cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003;27:12–17 doi:10.1097/00004728-200301000-00003 pmid:12544236

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    2. Magalhaes AC,
    3. Bacheschi LA,
    4. Caramelli P, et al

    . Paracoccidioidomycosis of the central nervous system: study of 5 cases by magnetic resonance [in Portuguese]. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1993;48:94–97 pmid:8235281

    PubMed
22. 22.↵
    2. Duarte AL,
    3. Baruffa G,
    4. Terra HB, et al

    . Systemic paracoccidioidomycosis with central nervous system involvement [in Portuguese]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999;32:439–42 doi:10.1590/S0037-86821999000400015 pmid:10495674

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    2. Correa RB,
    3. Puccioni-Sohler M,
    4. Artemenko SR, et al

    . An uncommon neurologic presentation in the course of paracoccidioidomycosis: report of a case [in Portuguese]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1991;49:456–59 doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1991000400016 pmid:1842196

    CrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    2. de Moura LP,
    3. Raffin CN,
    4. del Negro GM, et al

    . Paracoccidioidomycosis evidencing spinal cord involvement treated with success by fluconazole [in Portuguese]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1994;52:82–86 doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1994000100015 pmid:8002815

    CrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    2. Pereira WC,
    3. Tenuto RA,
    4. Raphael A, et al

    . Brain localization of South American blastomycosis: considerations apropos of 9 cases [in Portuguese]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1965;23:113–26 doi:10.1590/S0004-282X1965000200006 pmid:5851892

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    2. de Almeida SM

    . Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: an overview. Braz J Infect Dis 2005;9:126–33 doi:10.1590/S1413-86702005000200002 pmid:16127588

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Toh CH,
    3. Wei KC,
    4. Chang CN, et al

    . Differentiation of pyogenic brain abscesses from necrotic glioblastomas with use of susceptibility-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:1534–38 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2986 pmid:22422181

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    2. Peçanha PM,
    3. Batista Ferreira ME,
    4. Massaroni PM, et al

    . Paracoccidioidomycosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects in 546 cases studied in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017;97:836–44 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0790 pmid:28749757

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    2. Elias J Jr.,
    3. dos Santos AC,
    4. Carlotti CG Jr., et al

    . Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Surg Neurol 2005;63(Suppl 1):S13–21; discussion S21 doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2004.09.019 pmid:15629337

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    2. Pedro RDJ,
    3. Branchini ML,
    4. de Lucca RS, et al

    . Paracoccidioidomycosis of the central nervous system: apropos of 2 cases [in Portuguese]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1980;22:269–74 pmid:7209279

    PubMed
31. 31.↵
    2. Lorenzoni PJ,
    3. Chang MR,
    4. Paniago AM, et al

    . Paracoccidioidomycosis meningitis: case report [in Portuguese]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2002;60:1015–18 doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2002000600025 pmid:12563399

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    2. Francesconi F,
    3. Francesconi do Valle AC,
    4. Silva MT, et al

    . International issues: meningoencephalitis due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Neurology 2008;71:e65–67 doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000335266.60637.c3 pmid:19015480

    FREE Full Text
33. 33.↵
    2. Reis F,
    3. Collier PP,
    4. Souza TF, et al

    . Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM): magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Myco-pathologia 2013;175:181–86 doi:10.1007/s11046-012-9607-y pmid:23229616

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    2. Rodacki MA,
    3. De Toni G,
    4. Borba LA, et al

    . Paracoccidioidomycosis of the central nervous system: CT findings. Neuroradiology 1995;37:636–41 doi:10.1007/BF00593377 pmid:8748894

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    2. Teive HA,
    3. Zanatta A,
    4. Germiniani FM, et al

    . Holmes' tremor and neuroparacoccidioidomycosis: a case report. Mov Disord 2002;17:1392–94 doi:10.1002/mds.10277 pmid:12465094

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Faria AV,
    3. Dabus GC,
    4. Zanardi VA, et al

    . Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a patient with central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis. J Neuroimaging 2004;14:377–79 doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2004.tb00268.x pmid:15358962

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    2. Magalhaes AC,
    3. Caramelli P,
    4. Silva ED, et al

    . Magnetic resonance imaging in intracranial paracoccidioidomycosis. J Neuroimaging 1993;3:216–19 doi:10.1111/jon199334216 pmid:10146412

    CrossRefPubMed