Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
Analytic workflow. A, Whole-brain composite atlas generated from the SUIT and Hammer's Maximum Probability Atlas. B, Regional gray matter volume extracted with the composite atlas. C, The Jonckheere-Terpstra test and pair-wise Mann-Whitney U test are used to identify stage-specific patterns. D, Principal component analysis is used to extract weighting scores of the stage-specific GMV pattern. E, Spearman rank-order correlation tests are used to examine the potential associations among weighting scores of the stage-specific GMV pattern, peripheral plasma biomarkers, general cognitive performance, and disease severity. SUIT indicates Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Template.
- FIG 2.
Stage-specific patterns of plasma biomarkers. Violin plots demonstrate residual values of each biomarker adjusted for age and sex in healthy controls (blue), patients with PDE (yellow), and PDL (pink). Red circles of in the violin plots show the median value of each plasma biomarker of each study group. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences among study groups using pair-wise Mann-Whitney U tests (FDR-corrected, P < .05). JT indicates Jonckheere-Terpstra test.
- FIG 3.
Spatial regions of stage-specific gray matter volume patterns. A, Pattern 1, red. B, Pattern 2, orange. C, Pattern 3, yellow.
- FIG 4.
Associations among plasma biomarkers, weighting scores of stage-specific GMV patterns, disease severity, and cognitive performance. The hash tag indicates Spearman rank-order correlation analyses between disease severity and peripheral plasma biomarkers/weighting-score of stage-specific GMV patterns were conducted in patients with PD (PDE and PDL). SE-ADL indicates Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale.
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